Resumo A medicina tradicional é mais barata e facilmente disponível à população local para cuidar das doenças mais frequentes nas áreas do norte do Paquistão. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo inventariar medicamentos de plantas locais, documentar seus usos e avaliar seu valor de mercado em 2015-2018 durante as temporadas de primavera, verão e inverno. Foram feitas 15 viagens, 5 em cada temporada. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 165 moradores na faixa etária de 20 a 80 anos, com dados analisados por meio de frequência relativa de citação (RFC), valor de uso (UV), nível de fidelidade (FL), fator de consenso de informantes (CIF), e o índice de Jaccard (JI) para encontrar as espécies utilizadas mais frequentes e conhecidas na área. Um total de 86 espécies pertencentes a 39 famílias de plantas vasculares, 33 gêneros foram documentados como medicamente importantes. A família Asteraceae foi observada como a família dominante entre todas as famílias com 10 espécies, a folha foi a parte mais utilizada e a decocção 36% foi o tipo de preparação mais preferido. A erva foi a forma de vida predominante (67%). O UV máximo (0,92) foi demonstrado pelas espécies de J. adhatoda L., enquanto A. sativum L. mostra RFC máximo (0,58), o maior valor de ICF representado por diarreia e dermatite 0,92, e alto valor de FL é registrado 100%. De acordo com nossas coleções, as espécies selvagens foram 45%, as espécies invasoras 38% e as cultivadas 17% registradas, as espécies dicotiledôneas foram registradas mais 81%. Sete espécies medicinais estão sendo economicamente importantes e exportadas para o mercado local e internacional do mundo, enquanto as espécies de P. integrima L. foram as espécies mais exportadas de acordo com os comerciantes locais. A área investigada é rural e a população local depende das plantas da área para suas necessidades de saúde e outros usos como vegetal, lenha, forragem etc. O resultado atual de RFC, UV, ICF, FL e JI mostra que a flora medicinal precisa ser investigada farmacológica e fitoquimicamente para comprovar sua eficácia. A documentação do conhecimento medicinal é importante para preservar esse precioso conhecimento antigo antes que se perca para sempre, devido às mudanças tecnológicas e ambientais do mundo.

Abstract Traditional medicine is cheaper and easily available to local people, to care for most frequent diseases in the Northern parts of Pakistan. Our study aimed at inventorying medicine from local plants, documenting their uses, and assessing their market value in 2015-2018 during spring, summer, and winter seasons. A total of 15 trips were made, 5 in each season. Semi-structured interviews with 165 inhabitant’s age range between 20-80 years were conducted, analyzed the data is analyzed using Relative frequency of citation(RFC), Use Value(UV), Fidelity Level(FL), Informants consensus factor(ICF), and Jaccard index(JI) to find the most frequent and well-known used species in the area. A total of 86 species belonging to 39 vascular plant families, 33 genera were documented as medicinally important. Family Asteraceae was observed as the dominant family among all the families with 10 species, the leaf was the most used parts and decoction 36% was the most preferred preparation type. Herb was the predominant life form (67%). The maximum UV (0.92) was demonstrated by J. adhatoda L. species, while A. sativum L. shows maximum RFC (0.58), the highest ICF value represented by diarrhea and dermatitis 0.92, and high FL value is recorded 100%. According to our collections, wild species were 45%, invasive species were 38% and cultivated 17% recorded, dicots species were recorded more 81%. Seven 7 medicinal species is being economically important and export to the local and international market of the world, whereas P. integrima L. species were the most exported species according to the local dealers. The investigated area is rural and the local people depend on the area's plants for their health needs, and other uses like a vegetable, fuelwood, fodder, etc. The current result of RFC, UV, ICF, FL, and JI shows that medicinal flora needs to be pharmacologically and phytochemically investigated to prove their efficacy. The documentation of medicinal knowledge is important to preserve this precious old knowledge before it is lost forever, due to technological and environmental changes in the world.

In Bangladesh, veterinarians often claim to reduce the mortality of natural peste des petits ruminants (PPR) outbreaks with the help of supportive fluid and electrolyte therapy. Information on haematological and biochemical parameters of PPR-infected goats, which is often altered because of associated tissue damages, is necessary to formulate the appropriate supportive therapy. This study determined the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Black Bengal goats naturally infected with PPR virus. Blood and serum samples from 13 PPR-affected Black Bengal goats from 13 field outbreaks and 5 healthy goats were collected and analysed by routine haematological and biochemical examination. Haematological analysis of PRR-affected goats showed severe anaemia characterised by significant decrease in the values of haemoglobin, total erythrocyte counts (TECs) and packed cell volume (PCV). On the contrary, PPR-affected goats showed marked leucocytosis with absolute increase in lymphocytes and neutrophils counts compared to the healthy goats. Biochemical analysis revealed significant decrease in total protein and albumin level and increased creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase that mirrored the gross and histopathological changes in the PPR-affected goats. Significant increase in the values of sodium and chloride ions was found in the sera of PPR-infected goats. Peste des petits ruminants virus altered the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the infected goats. Antidiarrheal agents with aqua solution together with other drugs to support liver and kidney function could help improve therapy of PPR-infected goats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the fever module in the WHO/UNICEF guidelines for the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) identifies children with bacterial infections in an area of low malaria prevalence. METHODS: Physicians assessed a systematic sample of 669 sick children aged 2-59 months who presented to the outpatient department of Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh. FINDINGS: Had IMCI guidelines been used to evaluate the children, 78% of those with bacterial infections would have received antibiotics: the majority of children with meningitis (100%), pneumonia (95%), otitis media (95%) and urinary tract infection (83%); and 50% or less of children with bacteraemia (50%), dysentery (48%), and skin infections (30%). The current fever module identified only one additional case of meningitis. Children with bacteraemia were more likely to be febrile, feel hot, and have a history of fever than those with dysentery and skin infections. Fever combined with parental perception of fast breathing provided a more sensitive fever module for the detection of bacteraemia than the current IMCI module. CONCLUSIONS: In an area of low malaria prevalence, the IMCI guidelines provide antibiotics to the majority of children with bacterial infections, but improvements in the fever module are possible.

OBJETIVO: Determinar si el módulo Fiebre de las directrices OMS/UNICEF para la atención integrada a las enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia (AIEPI) identifica a los niños que presentan infecciones bacterianas en una zona de baja prevalencia de paludismo. MÉTODOS: Los médicos evaluaron una muestra sistemáca de 669 niños enfermos de 2 a 59 meses que acudieron al ambulatorio del Hospital de Dhaka Shishu en Bangladesh. RESULTADOS: Si se hubieran seguido las directrices de la AIEPI para evaluar a los niños, habría recibido antibióticos el 78% de quienes padecían infecciones bacterianas: la mayoría de los niños con meningitis (100%), neumonía (95%), otitis media (95%) e infecciones de las vías urinarias (83%); y el 50% o menos de los niños con bacteriemia (50%), disentería (48%) e infecciones cutáneas (30%). El actual módulo Fiebre identificó sólo un caso adicional de meningitis. En comparación con los que padecían disentería o infecciones cutáneas, entre los niños con bacteriemia eran más frecuentes la febrilidad, la sensación de calor y los antecedentes de fiebre. La combinación de fiebre y percepción parental de respiración rápida resultó ser un criterio más sensible que el actual módulo de la AIEPI para detectar los casos de bacteriemia. CONCLUSIÓN: En una zona de baja prevalencia de paludismo, las directrices de la AIEPI prevén el suministro de antibióticos a la mayoría de los niños con infecciones bacterianas, pero es posible introducir mejoras en el módulo Fiebre.

OBJECTIF: Déterminer si le module Fièvre des directives OMS/UNICEF pour la prise en charge intégrée des maladies de l'enfant (PCIME) permet de reconnaître les enfants atteints d'infections bactériennes dans une région de faible prévalence du paludisme. MÉTHODES: Des médecins ont évalué un échantillon systématique de 669 enfants malades âgés de 2 à 59 mois vus dans le service des consultations externes du Dhaka Shishu Hospital au Bangladesh. RÉSULTATS: Si les directives PCIME avaient été utilisées pour évaluer les enfants, 78 % de ceux qui étaient atteints d'infections bactériennes auraient reçu des antibiotiques : la plupart des enfants atteints de méningite (100 %), de pneumonie (95 %), d'otite moyenne (95 %) et d'infections urinaires (83 %), et au maximum la moitié des enfants atteints de bactériémie (50 %), de dysenterie (48 %) et d'infections cutanées (30 %). L'actuel module Fièvre n'a identifié qu'un cas supplémentaire de méningite. Les enfants bactériémi étaient davantage susceptibles d'être fiévreux, chauds et d'avoir des antécédents de fièvre que ceux qui souffraient de dysenterie et d'infections cutanées. La présence de fièvre associée à l'impression de respiration rapide signalée par les parents constituait un critère plus sensible que l'actuel module Fièvre des directives PCIME pour détecter une bactériémie. CONCLUSION: Dans une zone de faible prévalence du paludisme, les directives PCIME traitent par des antibiotiques la plupart des enfants atteints d'infections bactériennes, mais des améliorations du module Fièvre sont possibles.